Priscilla Rose Prasath, Peter C. Mather, Christine Suniti Bhat, Justine K. James. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. Similarly, religion also tended to be an adaptive coping strategy during the pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. Published 2022. Optimism had a significant indirect effect on change in well-being compared to hope and resilience (see Table 3). Reduction in Well-Being Related to COVID-19 Another thing you cant control? (2008). Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). ), Handbook of emotions (pp. Finkelstein-Fox, L., & Park, C. L. (2019). Cleveland, Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! Estimation of Psychological Impairment and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students in Saudi Arabia: A Large Regional Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. WebSupport in faith was a positive predictor for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. The coronavirus pandemic is pushing America into a mental health crisis. SuperBetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373, Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). 2023 Feb 10;13(2):429-439. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe13020032. But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Conclusions: Coping strategies are significant predictors for mental health Students at a College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 10981118. One of the distinguishing characteristics of PsyCap is its malleability and openness to change and development (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2006). Fig 2. Journal of Affective Disorders. Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC (OH), is a professor and the interim director of the George E. Hill Center for Counseling & Research at Ohio University. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x. Further, the present findings highlight the importance of examining the relationships between each element of well-being and with each HERO dimension. Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Whether its an internship, dissertation defense or graduation ceremony, important events may not happen this year. Fig 3. I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. Front. Control-coping goodness-of-fit and chronic illness: A systematic review of the literature. Thus, there is potential for counselors to develop well-being promotion initiatives for students on university campuses targeting PsyCap and its constituting positive psychological HERO resources with the end goal of strengthening well-being (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2015; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). PsyCap is defined as an, individuals positive psychological state of development characterized by (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resilience) to attain success. Bookshelf A total of 806 university students from the United States participated in the study. Over the past decade, PsyCap has been applied to university student development and mental health. Aim of the Study and Research Questions The aim of this study was to understand how the sudden changes and uncertainty resulting from the pandemic affected the well-being of university students during the early period of the pandemic. Psychological capital intervention (PCI): A replication and extension. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One To combat isolation, come together with your dorm-mates or graduate school cohort via technology. Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or And there are ways to lessen your stress. School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. Flourishing (or well-being) is defined as a dynamic optimal state of psychosocial functioning that arises from functioning well across multiple psychosocial domains (Butler & Kern, 2016, p. 2). Indeed, the emerging literature paints a bleak picture of college students experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). (2019). Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387393. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008. Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). Madhyastha, S., Latha, K. S., & Kamath, A. WebCoping During Covid-19. 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Flatt, A. K. (2013). Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, from a pedagogical and psychological point of view, it is pertinent to examine the students' strategies of coping with stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. The uncertainty about what comes next. Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. Flourishing: The PERMA Well-Being Model https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Jensen, S. M. (2012). Seligmans multidimensional model integrates both hedonic and eudaimonic views of well-being, and each of the well-being components is seen to have the following three properties: (a) it contributes to well-being, (b) it is pursued for its own sake, and (c) it is defined and measured independently from the other components (Seligman, 2011). Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Data Analysis Procedure 2021;18(1): 355. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. The ongoing stress and trauma of the COVID-19 crisis can take a serious toll on our bodies: creating tense muscles, headaches, digestive issues, difficulty sleeping, and even immunity problems. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Coping strategies with insignificant mediating role are not included in the table. A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. These patterns are primarily driven by those with more negative experiences of the pandemic. Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which Connection and disconnection as predictors of mental health and wellbeing. Try to create a separate work space, although you should reserve your sleeping area for sleeping. The data were screened and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, v25). The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. 10.3390/ijerph18010355 Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Copyright 2023 National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates. Is there a significant difference in the well-being of university students prior to the onset of COVID-19 (reported retrospectively) and after the onset of COVID-19? Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). Additionally, each pillar of PERMA has been shown to be positively associated with physical health, optimal well-being, and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depression, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, loneliness, and negative emotion (Butler & Kern, 2016). https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Random House. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Atria Books. Try to get in at least one physical activity each day. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, student nurses were faced with lot of challenges at both clinical and teaching and learning environment. The authors reported no conflict of interest Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Palmer, N. F. (2016). Visit your App store or the Houseparty Appwebsite. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the State of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms. That is, what coping Our mental health is in constant flux and ebbs and flows on a daily basis. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 5372. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Cluster analysis for strategies of. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Interventions that are described as well-being approaches rather than those that highlight pathologies are less stigmatizing (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Umucu et al., 2020) than traditional deficit-based therapeutic approaches. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. F. Luthans et al. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). Fifty-four percent of the participants were undergraduate students (n = 326), and the remaining 46% were graduate students (n = 283). With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Careers. WebCOVID-19 Coping Strategies. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. University Students and Mental Health See this image and copyright information in PMC. Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E, Colditz, J. Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. 10.1007/s12144-020-01304-z Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267283. The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. In future, researchers may wish to investigate whether PsyCap predicts longitudinal changes in well-being in the COVID-19 context. Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. Sheldon and Lyubomirsky (2006) indicated that practicing gratitude helps people to cope with negative situations because it enables them to view such situations through a more positive lens. de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). L = Loneliness. Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. 44106-7164, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, COVID-19: Our Body, Our Brains, Our Trauma. If you notice that you are feeling upset or more irritable, take a break from watching, reading, or listening to news stories, including social media. At a time of significant stress, promoting the highest human performance and adaptation not only helps with well-being in the midst of the challenge but also can provide a foundation for future potential for optimal well-being (Joseph & Linley, 2008). Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9477-4, Ray, J. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. (2010). Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). Now is my chance to help others. Interestingly, after the onset of the pandemic, the predictor role of certain PsyCap dimensions shifted. Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, Occupy your mind with puzzles. A suffering generation: Six factors contributing to the mental health crisis in North American higher education. Personality and coping. Iasiello, M., Bartholomaeus, J., Jarden, A., & Kelly, G. (2017). Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. (2011). Ertosun, . G., Erdil, O., Deniz, N., & Alpkan, L. (2015). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. PMC Soothing the nervous system, by taking care of the body, can help to bring us back to a healthier place. Get enough sleep. To avoid being overwhelmed, set limits on your media consumption and smartphone use. Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3, Hoover, E. (2020). Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially 2022 Dec 7;19(24):16423. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416423. Keywords: university students, psychological capital, well-being, coping strategies, COVID-19. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. There are a number of research-based approaches offered in the field of positive psychology to guide mental health professionals to facilitate development of PsyCap and other important well-being correlates. If youre a psychology graduate student on a clinical track, youre probably helping patients manage the same anxieties youre facing yourself. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. (2020). National Library of Medicine Studies conducted during the COVID19 pandemic have shown a similar pattern: psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support safeguard mental health and wellbeing among health care workers who are on the frontlines of the fights against this deadly virus (BlancoDonoso et al., 2021; Chew et al., 2020; Labrague & De los International journal of mental health nursing. Are you able to do these activities? https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434, Hazan Liran, B., & Miller, P. (2019). WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. Guarding Your Joy: Keeping Your Mental Wellness High On Your Agenda, 7 Tips For Keeping A Routine For Your Wellness, Your Employees Are Stressed: Why Digital Mental Health Solutions Are Important In These Unpredictable Times And Beyond, Social Distancing And Staying Connected Through Games, Your Feelings (About Coronavirus) Are Valid, 10 Things You Can Do Besides Watch The News, A College Students 7 Tips For Transitioning To Online Classes. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE. Data was gathered from 577 students from 17 universities. American Psychological Association. Hearing about the pandemic can be upsetting. Stress associated with adapting to online learning presented particular challenges for students who did not have adequate internet access in their homes (Hoover, 2020). Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure
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