2013;32:27380. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. J Sleep Res. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Bioelectromagnetics. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Interphone study group. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. radiation with wavelengths. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Wang et al. 2004;23:20114. Int J Radiat Biol. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. PLoS One. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Dasdag et al. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. 2002;57:2702. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. 2006;98:170713. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Electromagn Biol Med. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Article 2000;11:4135. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Abe M, Bonini NM. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. 2009;27:556572. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. 2014;8:63. 2005;25:10190201. 1996;180:917. Qutob et al. Google Scholar. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. & Hu, XJ. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Behav Brain Res. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Othman et al. 1992;49:1818. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2003;80:177. Mil Med Sci. Google Scholar. Rev Environ Health. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. 2015;36:4804. Pathophysiology. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. daily life. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. 2 Researchers have been working. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Wang et al. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Zhang et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Behav Brain Res. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. 2004;115:1490505. Behav Brain Res. 2005;360:6577. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. 2002;13:11921. 2010;39:67594. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. J Natl Cancer Inst. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Xu et al. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Cite this article. J Med Food. 2017;52:23947. 2009;158:12639. 2012;21:6209. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. 2001;12:72931. Neuroreport. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Article 2005;22:32931. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. 2007;210:63544. Article Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Article Electromagn Biol Med. Int J Radiat Biol. Megha et al. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 2000;6:18793. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Neurosci Lett. Brain Res. Google Scholar. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. 2005;1042:1018. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Google Scholar. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Motawi et al. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Int J Radiat Biol. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Neurotoxicology. By using this website, you agree to our The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Richter et al. JAMA. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Privacy found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Dasdag et al. PubMed Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Xu et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. PubMed 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Int J Radiat Biol. Qiao et al. J Neurosci. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. 1988;9:33745. 2006;5:389. 2009;4:e4389. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Article 2017;38:106976. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19].
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