They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. It is typically consumed in pill form. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. 22. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. As we grow older, we sleep less. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. . . Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. 1. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. The heart rate slows . Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Loss of appetite. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Delusions. c. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Upset stomach and vomiting. a. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. C) the severity and duration of the problem. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. . In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. . Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Fever. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Complications. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022).
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